Table of Content

30 October 2012, Volume 27 Issue 10

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Research of serum bile acid profiles in patients with simple obesity

HAN Jianhua 1，SU Wei 1，WEN Yan 2，CUI Wei 1

2012, 27(10):  795-798. 

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Objective　To investigate the expression characteristics of serum bile acid profiles in patients with simple obesity，further to understand the effect of bile acids inducing signaling on human body energy metabolism, and to provide experimental evidence and clues on searching potential biotherapy target. Methods　Ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) assay was used to test serum bile acid profiles of 10 healthy subjects，10 subjects with overweight and 10 patients with simple obesity.  Results　A total of 14 bile acid subgroups were detected in all sera from healthy, overweight and simple obesity groups, and lithocholic acid (LCA)，taurocholic acid (TCA)，taurolithocholic acid (TLCA) and tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) had lowest expression in all groups. The expressions of all different 14 bile acid subgroups had no statistical significance（P＞0.05）. The levels of glycochenodeoxycholic acid (GCDCA) and taurochenodeoxycholic acid (TCDCA) increased markedly in serum bile acid (FBA) profiles of simple obesity group. Both free bile acids (CBA) and conjugated bile acids from overweight and simple obesity groups were lower than those from healthy group（P＞0.05）. Conclusions　The levels of GCDCA and TCDCA increase markedly in serum bile acid profiles of patients with simple obesity，but the expressions of all different 14 bile acid subgroups have no significant difference with those of healthy subjects.

Study on a new chromogenic substrate in detection of glucose in serum by glucose oxidase

WANG Baozhan 1，LI Lihe 1，WEI Zhibin 2，LIU Bing 2

2012, 27(10):  799-802. 

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Objective　To establish the glucose oxidase (GOD) method using a new chromogenic substrate N-(2-hydroxy-3-sulfopropyl)-3，5-dimethoxyaniline sodium salt (HDAOS) monohydrate in the detection of glucose in serum.  Methods　　The tetrachlorophenol was replaced by HDAOS, the blue quinone-imine was formed, and it was measured at 600 nm. The GOD method, glucose oxidase-peroxidase-4-aminoantipyrene-phenol (GOD-PAP) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were used to determine serum hyper lipidemia samples (24 samples), haemolysis samples (24 samples), choloplania samples (24 samples) and normal samples (24 samples), and the results were compared. The methodology evaluation was performed.  Results　There was no statistical significance among the 3 methods, when the normal serum group was measured (P＞0.05). Statistical significance only existed between the GOD method and GOD-PAP, when the serum groups of hyperlipidemia，hemolysis and choloplania were measured (P＜0.05), and there was no statistical significance between the GOD method and HPLC (P＞0.05). The between-run and within-run coefficients of variation (CV) were<0.3%. The GOD method had a good correlation with HPLC (r²=0.995 8), and got to the reaction end point within 5 min. The linear range was 0.20-28.00 mmol/L. When hemoglobin <2.0 g/L, chyle<2.2% and total bilirubin <200 μmol/L, the interference error for the GOD method was <3%. The reference values were 4.10-6.20 mmol/L for males and 4.04-6.15 mmol/L for females，and the maximal absorbing wavelength was 595 nm.  Conclusions　Replacing tetrachlorophenol with HDAOS, the blue quinone-imine is formed. The GOD method eliminates the interference of hyperlipidemia，haemolysis and choloplania through limiting their absorption spectra. The GOD method has a good measurement accuracy in the detection of glucose and performs the same reaction end point.

The determination and its clinical significance of serum acute phase protein in patients with depression

PAN Mingzhi 1, HUANG Jiaxi 2

2012, 27(10):  803-805. 

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Objective　To investigate the clinical significance of serum high sensitive C reactive protein (hs-CRP), albumin (Alb), prealbumin (PA) and transferrin (TF) levels for the diagnosis of patients with depression.  Methods　　The 60 patients with depression and 40 healthy subjects were enrolled,and their serum levels of Alb were determined by bromcresol green. The levels of hs-CRP, PA and TF were determined by immunoturbidimetry.  Results　The serum hs-CRP level in depression group [(5.12±2.07) mg/L] was significantly higher than that in the control group [(1.88±1.29) mg/L, P＜0.01]. The levels of serum Alb [(42.6±4.2) g/L], PA [(244±48) mg/L] and TF [(1.98±0.42) g/L] in the depression group were significantly lower than those in the control group [(46.1±4.6) g/L, (293±52) mg/L and (2.46±0.39) g/L, P＜0.01]. The Pearson analysis Hamilton depression scale (HAMD) showed a significant positive correlation with hs-CRP (r=0.592, P＜0.01)，but there was a significantly negative correlation with serum Alb, PA and TF (r=－0.463, －0.525 and －0.491, P＜0.01).  Conclusions　The acute phase protein level (APP) of depression patients is abnormal. It has an important clinical significance in the diagnosis and treatment of depression by determining the levels of serum hs-CRP, Alb, PA and TF.

The relationship between insulin resistance and serum free fatty acid levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

WANG Yiyi，ZHANG Jue，LU Chuancui

2012, 27(10):  806-808. 

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Objective　To investigate the relationship between the fasting levels and levels after diet for 2h of free fatty acid (FFA) and insulin resistance in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).  Methods　　A total of 100 T2DM patients were enrolled and classified into good-control group and no-good-control group according to Asian Diabetes Forum, and 50 healthy controls were also enrolled. Their glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c)，fast insulin (FINS), fast plasma glucose (FPG), 2 h plasma glucose (2 h PG), fast FFA and 2 h FFA were determined. Homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) was evaluated by HOMA.  Results　Compared with those in control group, FPG, 2 h PG, FFA, 2 h FFA, HbA1c and HOMA-IR increased significantly in T2DM group (P＜0.01). The parameters in no-good-control group were higher than those in good-control group (P＜0.05). FFA and 2 h FFA were positively correlated with HOMA-IR, HbA1c, FPG and 2 h PG（r=0.910 and 0.876, 0.851 and 0.759, 0.908 and 0.746 and 0.769 and 0.674，P＜0.01）.  Conclusions　The increasing of FFA levels is positively related with insulin resistance in T2DM patients, and may play an important role in the development of T2DM.

Investigation on the new two-step enzymatic method for the detection of serum creatinine

LIANG Hang 1 ，FENG Zhijun 1，LI Lihe 2，ZHANG Xueying 1, LI Xiaoyan 1

2012, 27(10):  809-812. 

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Objective　To investigate the two-step enzymatic method for the detection of serum creatinine. Methods　　The two-step enzymatic method for the detection of serum creatinine was established using creatinine amidohydrolase as the reagent Ⅱ and N-(2-hydroxy-3-sulfopropyl)-3，5-dimethoxyaniline sodium salt（HDAOS）and 4-mino-antipyrine (4-AAP) as the reagent Ⅰ. The inner blank method was used to eliminate endogenous creatine, and altered spectral absorption method was used to eliminate the interference of lipemia, hemolysis and jaundice. The levels of serum creatinine in 36 patients were determined by the two-step enzymatic method. The results were compared with those of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and single-reagent method. The serum creatinine levels of 200 healthy subjects were determined and performed as reference range.  Results　There was significant difference between two-step enzymatic method[creatinine：（84.2±26.6）μmol/L] and single-reagent method [creatinine：(116.6±29.6)μmol/L, t=32.12，P＜0.01]，whereas there was no statistical significance between two-step enzymatic method and HPLC [creatinine：（83.9±26.8）μmol/L, t=0.541 6，P＞0.05], and showed good correlation (Y_{two-step enzymatic method} =1.042X_HPLC－0.182 1，r²＝0.982 4). The liner range of the two-step enzymatic method for the detection of serum creatinine was up to 4 500 μmol/L,the average rate of recovery was 100.8％，and the within-run coefficient of variation (CV) and between-run CV were 2.91%-4.20% and 3.20%-4.60%. The sera [low level：78.0 μmol/L, middle level：206.0 μmol/L and high level：900.0 μmol/L] were determined by the two-step enzymatic method for 180 d. The interday CV were 4.46%, 5.27% and 7.24%. The reagents of the two-step enzymatic method could be stable at least for 180 d. The reference range of serum creatinine in healthy males was 56-132 μmol/L, and that in healthy females was 41-109 μmol/L.  Conclusions　The two-step enzymatic method based on creatinine amidohydrolase as reagent Ⅱ and based on HDAOS and 4-AAP as reagent Ⅰ could eliminate the interference of creatine，lipemia，hemolysis and jaundice, and it can be applied as routine test.

The evaluation of enzymatic method for the determination of serum sodium ion

2012, 27(10):  813-815. 

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Objective　To evaluate the performance of enzymatic method for serum sodium ion determination.  Methods　　The accuracy，precision，off cap stability，linearity，correlation with ion selective electrode method，recovery rate and anti-interference were evaluated by the reagent of enzymatic method for sodium ion determination.  Results　The coefficient of variation (CV) was<2%. Calibration period reached 5 d. Accuracy met Randox′s quality control. Linearity scope was 100-160mmol/L. Coefficient of correlation (r) was 0.989 9, and enzymatic method was correlated well with ion selective electrode method. The recovery rate was 100.9%. No interference appeared when bilirubin≤600 μmol/L，triglyceride≤20 mmol/L，vitamin C≤0.5 g/L，hemoglobin≤10 g/L，ammonium ion ≤25 mmol/L，potassium ion ≤10 mmol/L, magnesium ion ≤5 mmol/L，calcium ion≤5 mmol/L，zinc ion≤50 mmol/L and copper ion≤50 mmol/L.  Conclusions　Enzymatic method meets clinical requirements with good repeatability，accuracy，stability，linearity and high anti-interference.

Relationship of Glucose-6 Phosphate Isomerase With Clinical Symptom of Rheumatoid Arthritis

QIN Wangsen, XU Poshi, SUN Changyi, HU Hong, CAI Jun

2012, 27(10):  816-818. 

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Objective　To investigate the significance of glucose-6 phosphate isomerase(G6PI) antigen level in the development of rheumatoid arthritis(RA).  Methods　The levels of G6PI antigen in 140 patients with RA，75 patients with other rheumatoid diseases and 50 healthy controls were determined by enzyme-linked immunsorbent assay (ELISA)．The levels of C reactive protein (CRP), rheumatoid factor (RF), erythrocyte-sedimentation rate (ESR), attic tenderness and engorge and X-ray′s classification were also assessed in RA patients.  Results　Serum G6PI antigen levels were (3.13±2.62)μg/mL in patients with RA，(0.148±0.045)μg/mL in patients with other rheumatoid diseases，and (0.107±0.065)μg/mL in healthy controls. The G6PI antigen level and positive rate in patients with RA were higher than those in patients with other rheumatoid diseases and healthy controls (P＜0.01). The G6PI antigen level and positive rate in active RA group were higher than those in inactive RA group (P＜0.05)，and serum G6PI antigen level was positively correlated with CRP and the attic tenderness and engorge of RA.  Conclusions　The G6PI antigen acts as a potential contributor in the development of RA, and may become a useful diagnostic marker for RA and an indicator for therapeutic effect.

Expression and clinical significance of HIF-2α in cervical cancer tissues

JIANG Lixia 1，SHI Qiaofa 2，SHI Shaohua 1，LI Feng 1，LIU Sijun 3

2012, 27(10):  819-821. 

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Objective　To investigate the relationship between hypoxia inducible factor-2 alpha (HIF-2α) expression and tumor biological characteristics in cervical cancer tissues.   Methods　The expression of HIF-2α in cervical cancer tissues was detected by immunohistochemistry staining method.   Results　The score of HIF-2α positive expression in 40 samples of cervical cancer tissues was 4.51±1.04. Compared with the score of 2.28±1.60 for 15 samples of normal cervical tissues, there was statistical significance between them (P＜0.001). In 40 samples of cervical cancer tissues, the score of HIF-2α positive expression in the samples with lymph node metastasis (5.00±0.89) was higher than that without lymph node metastasis (4.00±0.83, P<0.01).  Although there was no relationship between the age of the patients and HIF-2α positive expression, the relationship of FIGO2009 staging and size of the tumor with HIF-2α positive expression was found.   Conclusions　The expression of HIF-2α correlates closely with the growth and invasion of cervical cancer.

Analysis on irregular antibody inducing unconformity of forward and reverse ABO blood typing

FAN Fengyan 1，WANG Hongbo 1，WEI Shaoping 1，WEI Lizhao 2，LIU Xiaol 2，QI Shuyuan 1

2012, 27(10):  822-824. 

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Objective　To investigate the factors of inducing the unconformity of forward and reverse ABO blood typing caused by irregular antibody.  Methods　　The results of serological tests of blood typing in 12 cases were analyzed, and the factors of irregular antibody inducing the unconformity of forward and reverse ABO blood typing were tested for irregular antibody screening and identification and corresponding blood typing determination. Reverse ABO blood typing were repeated with red blood cells which corresponding antigens were negative.  Results　The amounts of alloantibodies among 12 patients were 4 anti-M，1 anti-N，1 anti-M combined anti-N，1 anti- Le^a，1 anti- P₁，1 anti-I，1 anti-D，1 anti-E and 1 anti-A₁. The result of repeated reverse blood typing with corresponding antigens being negative blood cells matched forward blood typing.  Conclusions　Samples with unconformity of forward and reverse ABO blood typing caused by irregular antibody can be identified correctly.

The change and significance of protein Z and protein Z-dependent protease inhibitor in healthy pregnant women

HUANG Binlun 1，JIANG Xufeng 2，CHEN Yi 3，XU Yan 3，LU Xiaodong 3，WANG Min 1，HE Yunqin 3，XU Qiuxian 3

2012, 27(10):  825-828. 

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Objective　To investigate the levels and clinical significance of plasma protein Z (PZ) and protein Z-dependent protease inhibitor (ZPI) during different gestational periods in healthy pregnant women.  Methods　　Fifty cases of healthy non-pregnant women，50 cases of early stage pregnant women (14~27 weeks) and 50 cases of late stage pregnant women (28~40 weeks) were enrolled. Plasma PZ and ZPI were determined by competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In addition，prothrombin time (PT)，activation partial thromboplastin time (APTT)，thrombin time (TT) and fibrinogen (Fg) content were measured by coagulation method.  Results　The levels of plasma PZ and ZPI decreased gradually from the non-pregnant women to the early stage pregnant women and the late stage pregnant women. Compared to the non-pregnant women，the level of plasma PZ decreased by 16.1%, and the level of ZPI decreased by 22.8% in the late stage pregnant women. Compared to the non-pregnant women，the PT and TT shortened significantly (P＜0.01)，and the Fg increased significantly in the early stage pregnant women and the late stage pregnant women(P＜0.01). Compared to the early stage pregnant women，the PT and TT shortened significantly (P＜0.05)，and the Fg increased significantly in the late stage pregnant women(P＜0.05). Compared to the non-pregnant women，the APTT shortened significantly in the late stage pregnant women (P＜0.05). The decreased levels of PZ and ZPI were related to the shortening of PT.  Conclusions　The activity of blood coagulation factor and coagulation function increase in pregnant women along with the increase of gestational weeks. It may relate to a gradual decrease of the concentrations of plasma anticoagulants such as PZ and ZPI. This kind of physiological change provides a material base for the pregnant women to prepare them to stop bleeding effectively after childbirth，however，it also increases the risk of thrombosis during the pregnancy.

Detection of SHV genotype of ESBLs-producing Gram-negative bacterium by pyrosequencing

HUANG Yuanfang 1，SONG Xiaohong 1，YIN Yafei 2，ZHA Lagabaiyila 1，JI Xiaoli 1，LIU Xiaokang 1

2012, 27(10):  829-834. 

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To investigate a method which can rapidly and accurately detect the genotyping extended-spectrum beta-lactamases(ESBLs)-producing Gram-negative bacterium.  Methods　　Clinical isolated ESBLs-producing strains were detected by double-disk method. SHV gene fragments of ESBLs were amplified by polymerase chain reaction（PCR）. Pyrosequencing was used to study SHV genotyping of the 29 strains of ESBLs-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from hospitals in Chengdu. The gene polymorphism of amino acids site encoding 35 and 43 of SHV gene fragments were investigated. Meanwhile,antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by disk diffusion method.  Results　The results of pyrosequencing were that 21 of the 29 locally isolated ESBLs-producing strains had SHV gene fragments. Codon 43 amino acids had no polymorphism，while codon 35 had gene polymorphisms，nucleotide mutated from T to A，amino acids mutated from Leu to Glu，and the mutation rate reached 42.9%(9/21).All of the 29 ESBLs-producing stains were sensitive to imipenem. The resistance rates to cefoxitin,cefepime and ceftazidime were 29.4%，11.8% and 41.2% for Escherichia coli and 50.0%，8.3% and 33.3% for Klebsiella pneumoniae,respectively. More than 75% of the stains were highly resistant to ampicillin，piperacillin，cefazolin，cefuroxime and cotrimoxazole，while all of them were resistant to other drugs with variable degrees.  Conclusions　Pyrosequencing can be used to rapidly detect resistant genotyping of clinical isolated ESBLs-producing strains with advantages of accuracy，speediness，real-time implementation and high-throughput.

Expression，purification and preservation of myofibrillogenesis regulator 1S recombinant protein and its antiserum preparation

LU Renquan，ZHANG Jing，GAO Xiang，GUO Lin

2012, 27(10):  835-839. 

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Objective　To obtain the myofibrillogenesis regulator 1S (MR-1S)-His recombinant protein through the expression of MR-1S gene and prepare anti-MR-1S antiserum after purification. To identify the stable system to preserve the recombinant protein，and to provid the reference for the investigation of MR-1S protein characteristics and biological function.  Methods　The recombinant plasmid pET21a-MR-1S was constructed with pronucleus expression vector pET 21a(+) and transferred into Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3)，and the expression of MR-1S recombinant protein was induced by isopropyl-beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG). The MR-1S recombinant protein was purified by affinity chromatography and identified by Western blot. The anti-MR-1S polyclonal antibodies were prepared by the rabbit-immunized technique. With comparison of the protein activities of 4 stable systems under different temperatures，the most suitable stable preservation system and condition were picked out.  Results　Recombinant plasmid pET21a-MR-1S was established，and the MR-1S-His recombinant protein was expressed solubly in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) by the identification of Western blot. The anti-MR-1S antisera were obtained by immunization rabbit，and the satabilization system and preservation condition were definited.  Conclusions　Under undenatured conditions，the soluble MR-1S recombinant protein is expressed and can be preserved stably，and it lays the foundation for MR-1S characteristices and biological function studies.

Analysis on the quality of blood determination among basic unit hospitals in Shanghai，year 2010

SONG Ying，WANG Qing，LI Yong，XU Lei，LI Dongcheng

2012, 27(10):  840-843. 

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Objective　According to an organized survey，to analyze the determination quality of blood routine items among hospitals inferior to Grade 2 Level B. Methods　　The stabilized fresh blood samples with 2 lot numbers were used as the survey materials to investigate the performance of hematology analyzers from 257 medical institutions. The items included white blood cell (WBC)，red blood cell (RBC)，hemoglobin (HGB)，hematocrit (HCT) and platelet (PLT). Meanwhile，the blood smears from patient samples were used to check the ability for WBC differentiation and abnormal cell morphology identification. Results　The 4.7% hematology analyzers failed to pass. There were 1.9% of hospitals not having hematology analyzers. The 25% hospitals can pass the blood smear examination. Conclusions　Since there are still some problems in the hospitals inferior to Grade 2 Level B with respect to blood routine items，it is necessary and urgent to improve their laboratory practice，particularly blood smear identification.

Integration of quality requirements into information systems to improve the quality control ability of pre-analytic process

TIAN Jiale，DAI Yan，LI Dong，WAN Haiying

2012, 27(10):  844-848. 

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Objective　To utilize the information systems to implement real-time prompts，queries and monitor for the quality control points of pre-analytic process in the specimen procedure in order to improve the quality of pre-analytic process.  Methods　　Improving the existing mode of electronic examination application，the time point of various links were tracked real-timely and controlled in the process of specimen collection and transportation，and the quality requirements of specimen collection and relevant clinical knowledge of test items were integrated into the process of examination application and performance.  Results　(1) Personalized examination application was afforded for specialist or special disease. For example，"emergency examination application" was available for all of emergency examination items in the whole hospital. Test items from other applications will be considered to be non-emergency tests. (2) The test item would be viewed by double-clicking the mouse on the examination application interface at any time，including name，specimen type，measurement method，the requirements of specimen collection，reference interval，clinical significance，interference factors，test report issuance time and so on. (3) When nurses performed the doctor’s orders，each of test item showed the anticoagulant tube type or bar code prefix，collection volume，acquisition requirements and test report issuance time and so on. (4) All personnel can understand executive status information of specimen collection，signature and issuance，signature and receipt，processing，report issuance and report printing through the function of "specimen status inquiry" in real-time. (5) Nurses can inquire the information of their wards on reason，time and operator of returned specimens.  Conclusions　The quality control of pre-analytic process into information systems not only facilitates understanding of the requirements of the relevant examination knowledge for clinicians and nurses in real-time，but also perfects training and communication systems of clinical laboratory to clinicians and nurses. It has been received highly recognized by medical laboratory technicians，clinicians and nurses.

Study on the killing activity of DC-CIK cells pulsed with gastric cancer cells of heat shock against cancer cells

ZHANG Chenglei 1，CHEN Yaoping 2，YANG Baozhen 2，WU Ruofen 2，WANG Yanbai 1

2012, 27(10):  849-853. 

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Objective　To study the killing effect of dendritic cells (DC) and cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells pulsed with specific antigens against gastric cancer cells. Methods　Peripheral blood mononuclear cells（PBMC）were isolated from healthy subjects. DC and CIK cells were induced by different cytokines. Gastric cell line MKN-28 lysates of heat shock were used as antigen and pulsed DC，which co-cultured with CIK cells. The phenotypes of DC and CIK cell membranes were determined by flow cytometry，and the killing activity of CIK against MKN-28 was determined by (MTS). Results　Compared with CIK，the co-cultured DC-CIK presented a significantly higher proliferation. The numbers of CD3⁺CD8⁺ and CD3⁺CD56⁺ cells increased，and the killing effect was enhanced. The cytotoxic activity to MKN-28 of DC-CIK pulsed with MKN-28 antigen(Ag-DC-CIK) group was （57.96±2.23）% ，which was more strong than（38.02±2.06）% of DC-CIK pulsed without MKN-28 antigen group and（29.78±1.84）% of CIK group，respectively [the ratio of effect to target =20.0∶1]. Conclusions　Heat shock tumor-lysate-pulsed DC can strengthen the proliferation and killing activity of CIK against gastric cancer cells.

The influence of chitosan and quaternized chitosan on Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm formation

LIN Ping 1，ZHAO Yufan 2，WU Yue 2，ZHANG Xiao 2，GUO Xiaokui 3，TAN Honglue 4，LI Qingtian 2，SUN Yang 5

2012, 27(10):  854-857. 

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Objective　To investigate the broad-spectrum antibacterial efficacy of chitosan (CHI) and its derivatives.  Methods　The antibacterial test of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was performed by CHI and quaternized chitosan (QCHI). The volumes of per 1 mL at 0，3，6，9 and 12 h by CHI and QCHI were determined. The results were compared with those of control hole volume. The Pseudomonas aeruginosa RNA was extracted simultaneously. The ahpF，pa3187，aprA and rpoS genes were amplified，and their expressions were determined. The remaining Pseudomonas aeruginosa were cultured by LB medium for 3 d. The floating bacteria were flushed by PBS buffer solution，and were stained by crystallization violet. After decolorizing by 95% ethanol，the biofilm formation function of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was analyzed by enzyme-labeled analyzer at 570 nm.  Results　There were significant differences between CHI and QCHI hole volumes of live bacteria after culturing 6 h compared with control hole volumes，but there was no obvious difference CHI and QCHI volumes. The pa3187 expression was increased by CHI and QCHI，but aprA expression was decreased by them. QCHI can decrease ahpF expression，but CHI can improve ahpF expression. The rpoS expression was also decreased by QCHI. Biofilm formation showed that the significant inhibitory effect could be seen in Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm formation by CHI and QCHI from culturing 6 h.  Conclusions　In a certain extent，CHI and QCHI can inhibit the proliferation and biofilm formation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

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2012, 27(10):  871-876. 

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