Research progress of VAP in determining plasma lipoprotein subfractions

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1673-8640.2019.01.016

Abstract

Abstract:

More evidence is accentuating the special subfractions of plasma lipoproteins,including remnant-like lipoprotein particles（RLP）,lipoproteins （a） [Lp（a）],high-density lipoprotein （HDL） subfractions （HDL2 and HDL 3） and particle concentration,like small density low-density lipoprotein particle （sd-LDL-P）, in the progression of cardiovascular disease（CVD）. The changes of pattern and number of these indicators are closely related to CVD risk and treatment strategy. Vertical auto profile （VAP） refers to the classical principle of ultracentrifuge lipid determination,which can effectively realize complete separation of plasma lipoprotein particles. After the comprehensive analysis of lipoprotein internal cholesterol level,volume,density and particle pattern,VAP provides comprehensive blood lipid data for the early screening and risk evaluation of related diseases,making up for the gaps in traditional blood lipid programs. VAP has accumulated a large amount of scientific researches and clinical data in North America over the past 20 years. This review briefly introduces its characteristics in plasma lipoprotein subfractions and particle determination and presents new progress of its application in CVD risk management.

Key words: Vertical auto profile, Lipoprotein, Lipoprotein subfraction, Cardiovascular disease, Risk assessment

CLC Number:

R446.1

LIANG Chunzi, ZHU Man, TU Jiancheng. Research progress of VAP in determining plasma lipoprotein subfractions[J]. Laboratory Medicine, 2019, 34(1): 76-81.

References 31

[1]	MARTIN S S,ABD T T,JONES S R,et al.2013 ACC/AHA cholesterol treatment guideline:what was done well and what could be done better[J]. J Am Coll Cardiol,2014,63(24):2674-2678.
[2]	ARGUELLES W,LLABRE M M,PENEDO F J,et al.Relationship of change in traditional cardiometabolic risk factors to change in coronary artery calcification among individuals with detectable subclinical atherosclerosis:the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis[J]. Int J Cardiol,2014,174(1):51-56.
[3]	ALLAIRE J,VORS C,COUTURE P,et al.LDL particle number and size and cardiovascular risk:anything new under the sun?[J]. Curr Opin Lipidol,2017,28(3):261-266.
[4]	KANNEL W B,CASTELLI W P,MCNAMARA P M.Serum lipid fractions and risk of coronary heart disease. The Framingham study[J]. Minn Med,1969,52(8):1225-1230.
[5]	SUPERKO H R,KING S 3rd. Lipid management to reduce cardiovascular risk:a new strategy is required[J]. Circulation,2008,117(4):560-568.
[6]	SCHARNAGL H,NAUCK M,WIELAND H,et al.The Friedewald formula underestimates LDL cholesterol at low concentrations[J]. Clin Chem Lab Med,2001,39(5):426-431.
[7]	SUPERKO H R.Advanced lipoprotein testing and subfractionation are clinically useful[J]. Circulation,2009,119(17):2383-2395.
[8]	MORRIS P B,BALLANTYNE C M,BIRTCHER K K,et al.Review of clinical practice guidelines for the management of LDL-related risk[J]. J Am Coll Cardiol,2014,64(2):196-206.
[9]	CROMWELL W C,OTVOS J D,KEYES M J,et al.LDL particle number and risk of future cardiovascular disease in the Framingham offspring study-implications for LDL management[J]. J Clin Lipidol,2007,1(6):583-592.
[10]	VAKKILAINEN J,STEINER G,ANSQUER J C,et al.Relationships between low-density lipoprotein particle size,plasma lipoproteins,and progression of coronary artery disease:the Diabetes Atherosclerosis Intervention Study (DAIS)[J]. Circulation,2003,107(13):1733-1737.
[11]	MCLEAN D S,RAVID S,BLAZING M,et al.Effect of statin dose on incidence of atrial fibrillation:data from the Pravastatin or Atorvastatin Evaluation and Infection Therapy-Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction 22 (PROVE IT-TIMI 22) and Aggrastat to Zocor (A to Z) trials[J]. Am Heart J,2008,155(2):298-302.
[12]	BARTER P J,BALLANTYNE C M,CARMENA R,et al.Apo B versus cholesterol in estimating cardiovascular risk and in guiding therapy:report of the thirty-person/ten-country panel[J]. J Intern Med,2006,259(3):247-258.
[13]	AACC Lipoproteins and Vascular Diseases Division Working Group on Best Practices,COLE T G,CONTOIS J H,et al. Association of apolipoprotein B and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy-derived LDL particle number with outcomes in 25 clinical studies:assessment by the AACC Lipoprotein and Vascular Diseases Division Working Group on Best Practices[J]. Clin Chem,2013,59(5):752-770.
[14]	SETH D,GARMO H,WIGERTZ A,et al.Lipid profiles and the risk of endometrial cancer in the Swedish AMORIS study[J]. Int J Mol Epidemiol Genet,2012,3(2):122-133.
[15]	FREEDMAN D S,OTVOS J D,JEYARAJAH E J,et al.Sex and age differences in lipoprotein subclasses measured by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy:the Framingham Study[J]. Clin Chem,2004,50(7):1189-1200.
[16]	QIN S Y,LIU J,JIANG H X,et al.Association between baseline lipoprotein (a) levels and restenosis after coronary stenting:meta-analysis of 9 cohort studies[J]. Atherosclerosis,2013,227(2):360-366.
[17]	乔蕊,张捷. 脂蛋白(a)——血脂家族的重要一员[J]. 检验医学,2017,32(7):561-565.
[18]	VON ECKARDSTEIN A,SCHULTE H,CULLEN P,et al.Lipoprotein(a) further increases the risk of coronary events in men with high global cardiovascular risk[J]. J Am Coll Cardiol,2001,37(2):434-439.
[19]	SULTAN S M,SCHUPF N,DOWLING M M,et al.Review of lipid and lipoprotein(a) abnormalities in childhood arterial ischemic stroke[J]. Int J Stroke,2014,9(1):79-87.
[20]	Emerging Risk Factors Collaboration,ERQOU S,KAPTOGE S,et al. Lipoprotein(a) concentration and the risk of coronary heart disease,stroke,and nonvascular mortality[J]. JAMA,2009,302(4):412-423.
[21]	MARCOVINA S M,ALBERS J J.Lipoprotein (a) measurements for clinical application[J]. J Lipid Res,2016,57(4):526-537.
[22]	YEANG C,CLOPTON PC,TSIMIKAS S.Lipoprotein(a)-cholesterol levels estimated by vertical auto profile correlate poorly with Lp(a) mass in hyperlipidemic subjects:implications for clinical practice interpretation of Lp(a)-mediated risk[J]. J Clin Lipidol,2016,10(6):1389-1396.
[23]	SHARMA S,MERCHANT J,FLEMING S E.Lp(a)-cholesterol is associated with HDL-cholesterol in overweight and obese African American children and is not an independent risk factor for CVD[J]. Cardiovasc Diabetol,2012,11:10.
[24]	PIRILLO A,NORATA G D,CATAPANO A L.High-density lipoprotein subfractions-what the clinicians need to know[J]. Cardiology,2013,124(2):116-125.
[25]	CAMONT L,CHAPMAN M J,KONTUSH A.Biological activities of HDL subpopulations and their relevance to cardiovascular disease[J]. Trends Mol Med,2011,17(10):594-603.
[26]	MASCARENHAS-MELO F,PALAVRA F,MARADO D,et al.Emergent biomarkers of residual cardiovascular risk in patients with low HDL-c and/or high triglycerides and average LDL-c concentrations:focus on HDL subpopulations,oxidized LDL,adiponectin,and uric acid[J]. Scientific World Journal,2013,2013:387849.
[27]	BURILLO E,MARTÍN-FUENTES P,MATEO-GALLEGO R,et al. Omega-3 fatty acids and HDL. How do they work in the prevention of cardiovascular disease?[J]. Curr Vasc Pharmacol,2012,10(4):432-441.
[28]	KULKARNI K R,MARCOVINA S M,KRAUSS R M,et al.Quantification of HDL2 and HDL3 cholesterol by the Vertical Auto Profile-Ⅱ (VAP-Ⅱ) methodology[J]. J Lipid Res,1997,38(11):2353-2364.
[29]	MANGAT R,SU JW,LAMBERT J E,et al.Increased risk of cardiovascular disease in type 1 diabetes:arterial exposure to remnant lipoproteins leads to enhanced deposition of cholesterol and binding to glycated extracellular matrix proteoglycans[J]. Diabet Med,2011,28(1):61-72.
[30]	中国成人血脂异常防治指南修订联合委员会. 中国成人血脂异常防治指南(2016年修订版)[J]. 中国循环杂志,2016,31(10):937-950.
[31]	MAY H T,NELSON J R,KULKARNI K R,et al.A new ratio for better predicting future death/myocardial infarction than standard lipid measurements in women >50 years undergoing coronary angiography:the apolipoprotein A1 remnant ratio (Apo A1/ [VLDL3+IDL])[J]. Lipids Health Dis,2013,12:55.