Changes in Gal-3 and S-endoglin levels in patients with latent autoimmune diabetes in adult with different 25（OH）D levels and their relationship with microvascular complications

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1673-8640.2026.05.003

Abstract

Abstract:

Objective To investigate the changes in galectin-3 （Gal-3） and soluble-endoglin （S-endoglin） in patients with latent autoimmune diabetes in adult（LADA）with different 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25（OH）D] levels and their relationship with microvascular complications （MVD）. Methods A total of 171 patients with LADA and 50 healthy subjects（healthy control group） were enrolled from Shijiazhuang Second Hospital and Hebei Provincial People's Hospital from January 2022 to December 2024. All the patients were classified into vitamin D（Vit D）sufficient group（48 cases），mild deficiency group（49 cases）and deficiency group（74 cases）according to serum 25（OH）D levels. All the patients were classified into non-MVD group（123 cases）and MVD group（48 cases）according to whether they had MVD. The clinical data were collected，and 25（OH）D，Gal-3，S-endoglin，lipid indicators and vascular endothelial indicators were determined. Multivariate linear regression analysis was used to analyze the correlation between Gal-3，S-endoglin and vascular endothelial indicators. Multivariate Logistic analysis was used to evaluate the influencing factors of MVD in LADA patients. Non-conditioned Logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the interaction between Gal-3，S-endoglin levels and different 25（OH）D levels on MVD. Receiver operating characteristic（ROC）curve was used to evaluate the efficacy of Gal-3 and S-endoglin in determining MVD in LADA patients with different 25（OH）D levels. Results The levels of Gal-3，S-endoglin，endothelin-1（ET-1），soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1（sVCAM-1），soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1（sICAM-1）and von Willebrand factor（vWF）in Vit D deficiency group were higher than those in mild deficiency group，sufficient group and control group（P<0.05）. Gal-3，S-endoglin were independently correlated with ET-1，sVCAM-1，sICAM-1 and vWF（P<0.05）. Elevated Gal-3，S-endoglin and decreased estimated glomerular filtration rate（eGFR），Vit D deficiency were risk factors for MVD in LADA patients （P<0.05）. There was an additive and multiplicative interaction between Gal-3，S-endoglin and the effect of 25（OH）D on MVD occurrence （P<0.05）. The areas under curves （AUC） of single and combined determinations of Gal-3 and S-endoglin for determining MVD in sufficient group were 0.802，0.776 and 0.843，respectively；for the mild deficiency group，they were 0.756，0.769 and 0.822，respectively；for the deficiency group，they were 0.774，0.785 and 0.885，respectively. Conclusions The serum levels of Gal-3 and S-endoglin in LADA patients with Vit D deficiency are elevated. Gal-3 and S-endoglin have certain value in determining whether LADA patients have MVD.

Key words: Galectin-3, Soluble-endoglin, 25-Hydroxyvitamin D, Autoimmune diabetes, Microvascular complication

CLC Number:

R446.1

SHEN Yanmei, YANG Chaoju, LI Huifang, LI Ya. Changes in Gal-3 and S-endoglin levels in patients with latent autoimmune diabetes in adult with different 25（OH）D levels and their relationship with microvascular complications[J]. Laboratory Medicine, 2026, 41(5): 431-438.

Figures/Tables 10

References 31

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组别	例数	年龄/岁	性别				BMI/ （kg·m^-2）	SBP/kPa		DBP/kPa
组别	例数	年龄/岁	男/[例（%）]		女/[例（%）]		BMI/ （kg·m^-2）	SBP/kPa		DBP/kPa
正常对照组	50	45.75±7.33	30（60.00）		20（40.00）		24.12±2.56	18.05±1.74		11.07±1.19
Vit D充足组	48	44.50±6.93	28（58.33）		20（41.67）		24.08±2.86	18.21±1.64		11.20±1.24
Vit D轻度缺乏组	49	46.72±8.29	31（63.27）		18（36.73）		24.61±2.31	18.00±1.57		10.85±0.95
Vit D缺乏组	74	46.68±7.44	45（60.81）		29（39.19）		24.35±2.42	17.99±1.43		11.15±1.16
统计值		1.010	0.258				0.460	0.215		0.932
P值		0.389	0.968				0.710	0.886		0.426
组别	糖尿病家族史/[例（%）]			饮酒史/[例（%）]		吸烟史/[例（%）]			合并基础疾病/[例（%）]
正常对照组	11（22.00）			12（24.00）		10（20.00）			5（10.00）
Vit D充足组	19（39.58）			18（37.50）		15（31.25）			11（22.92）
Vit D轻度缺乏组	19（38.78）			17（34.69）		16（32.65）			9（18.37）
Vit D缺乏组	25（33.78）			24（32.43）		20（27.03）			18（24.32）
统计值	4.381			2.301		2.403			4.376
P值	0.223			0.512		0.493			0.224

组别	例数	年龄/岁	性别				BMI/ （kg·m^-2）	SBP/kPa		DBP/kPa
组别	例数	年龄/岁	男/[例（%）]		女/[例（%）]		BMI/ （kg·m^-2）	SBP/kPa		DBP/kPa
正常对照组	50	45.75±7.33	30（60.00）		20（40.00）		24.12±2.56	18.05±1.74		11.07±1.19
Vit D充足组	48	44.50±6.93	28（58.33）		20（41.67）		24.08±2.86	18.21±1.64		11.20±1.24
Vit D轻度缺乏组	49	46.72±8.29	31（63.27）		18（36.73）		24.61±2.31	18.00±1.57		10.85±0.95
Vit D缺乏组	74	46.68±7.44	45（60.81）		29（39.19）		24.35±2.42	17.99±1.43		11.15±1.16
统计值		1.010	0.258				0.460	0.215		0.932
P值		0.389	0.968				0.710	0.886		0.426
组别	糖尿病家族史/[例（%）]			饮酒史/[例（%）]		吸烟史/[例（%）]			合并基础疾病/[例（%）]
正常对照组	11（22.00）			12（24.00）		10（20.00）			5（10.00）
Vit D充足组	19（39.58）			18（37.50）		15（31.25）			11（22.92）
Vit D轻度缺乏组	19（38.78）			17（34.69）		16（32.65）			9（18.37）
Vit D缺乏组	25（33.78）			24（32.43）		20（27.03）			18（24.32）
统计值	4.381			2.301		2.403			4.376
P值	0.223			0.512		0.493			0.224

组别	例数	Gal-3/ （ng·L^-1）	S-endoglin/ （ng·L^-1）	ET-1/ （mg·L^-1）	sVCAM-1/ （μg·L^-1）	sICAM-1/ （μg·L^-1）	vWF/ %
正常对照组	50	30.56±1.74	11.05±1.12	51.68±3.47	118.35±10.20	210.64±25.15	122.30±15.89
Vit D充足组	48	31.46±1.67^*	11.31±1.10	52.16±3.45	120.17±9.21	215.58±27.68	121.23±17.31
Vit D轻度缺乏组	49	38.27±2.01^*#	12.41±1.41^*#	54.13±3.84^*#	123.87±9.04^*#	225.58±20.50^#	127.82±13.01
Vit D缺乏组	74	42.43±2.88^*#Δ	13.72±1.72^*#Δ	56.03±3.30^*#Δ	128.99±12.05^*#Δ	236.32±27.20^*#Δ	130.72±12.82^*#Δ
F值		384.739	46.285	19.830	12.548	12.117	5.567
P值		<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	0.001

组别	例数	Gal-3/ （ng·L^-1）	S-endoglin/ （ng·L^-1）	ET-1/ （mg·L^-1）	sVCAM-1/ （μg·L^-1）	sICAM-1/ （μg·L^-1）	vWF/ %
正常对照组	50	30.56±1.74	11.05±1.12	51.68±3.47	118.35±10.20	210.64±25.15	122.30±15.89
Vit D充足组	48	31.46±1.67^*	11.31±1.10	52.16±3.45	120.17±9.21	215.58±27.68	121.23±17.31
Vit D轻度缺乏组	49	38.27±2.01^*#	12.41±1.41^*#	54.13±3.84^*#	123.87±9.04^*#	225.58±20.50^#	127.82±13.01
Vit D缺乏组	74	42.43±2.88^*#Δ	13.72±1.72^*#Δ	56.03±3.30^*#Δ	128.99±12.05^*#Δ	236.32±27.20^*#Δ	130.72±12.82^*#Δ
F值		384.739	46.285	19.830	12.548	12.117	5.567
P值		<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	0.001

项目	Gal-3				S-endoglin
	调整因素前		调整因素后		调整因素前		调整因素后
	β值（95%CI）	P值	β值（95%CI）	P值	β值（95%CI）	P值	β值（95%CI）	P值
ET-1	0.584 （0.233~0.874）	0.015	0.617 （0.354~0.889）	<0.001	0.909 （0.720~1.032）	0.009	1.599（1.170~1.867）	<0.001
sVCAM-1	0.512 （0.313~0.905）	0.014	1.229 （1.112~1.519）	0.025	1.157 （1.028~1.491）	0.018	1.548（1.362~2.016）	0.044
sICAM-1	0.558 （0.369~0.891）	0.005	0.983 （0.779~1.151）	0.021	1.365 （1.240~1.545）	0.005	1.571 （1.252~1.793）	0.047
vWF	0.884 （0.665~1.120）	0.024	1.241 （0.866~1.693）	0.031	1.360 （1.148~1.598）	0.028	1.912 （1.709~2.243）	<0.001