Abstract:

Early diagnosis of breast cancer is crucial for improving patient prognosis. However，existing clinical methods have limitations such as high invasiveness or insufficient sensitivity. Exosomes，as nanoscale vesicles secreted by tumor cells，have emerged as a new type of biomarker in the field of breast cancer liquid biopsy due to their advantages of non-invasive acquisition，high abundance in body fluid，and the ability to carry specific biomolecules. This review systematically focuses on the research progress of exosomes in the early diagnosis of breast cancer，focusing on the biological basis of their use as diagnostic markers，summarizing the latest research results of nucleic acid and membrane protein-based markers，and comparing the advantages，disadvantages and application scenarios of various exosome isolation and determination techniques. Although exosomes show potential for clinical application，their clinical translation still faces challenges such as standardized isolation，heterogeneity interference and high determination costs. In the future，through multi-omics integrated analysis and the development of new determination technologies，it is expected to achieve breakthroughs in the early precise diagnosis of breast cancer using exosomes.

Key words: Exosome, Breast cancer, Early diagnosis