[1]Feng S,Jacobsen SE,Reik W,et al.Epigenetic reprogramming in plant and animal development[J].Science,2010,330(6004):622-627.[2]Niehrs C. Active DNA demethylation and DNA repair[J].Differentiation,2009,77(1):1-11.[3]Wu SC,Zhang Y. Active DNA demethylation: many roads lead to Rome[J]. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol,2010,11(9):607-620.[4]Zhu JK. Active DNA demethylation mediated by DNA glycosylases[J]. Annu Rev Genet,2009,43:143-166.[5]Gehring M,Reik W,Henikoff S. DNA demethylation by DNA repair[J].Trends Genet,2009,25(2):82-90.[6]Popp C,Dean W,Feng S,et al.Genome-wide erasure of DNA methylation in mouse primordial germ cells is affected by AID deficiency[J].Nature,2010,463(7284):1101-1105.[7]Bhutani N,Brady J,Damian M,et al. Reprogramming towards pluripotency requires AID-dependent DNA demethylation[J]. Nature,2010,463(7284):1042-1047.[8]Tahiliani M,Koh KP,Shen Y,et al.Conversion of 5-methylcytosine to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in mammalian DNA by MLL partner TET1[J].Science,2009,324(5929):930-935.[9]Ito S,D′Alessio AC,Taranova OV,et al.Role of Tet proteins in 5mC to 5hmC conversion,ES-cell self-renewal and inner cell mass specification[J].Nature,2010,466(7310):1129-1133.[10]Okada Y,Yamagata K,Hong K,et al.A role for the elongator complex in zygotic paternal genome demethylation[J].Nature,2010,463(7280):554-558.[11]Hu XV,Rodrigues TM,Tao H,et al.Identification of RING finger protein 4(RNF4) as a modulator of DNA demethylation through a functional genomics screen[J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,2010,107(34):15087-15092.[12]Rai K,Huggins IJ,James SR,et al.DNA demethylation in zebrafish involves the coupling of a deaminase,a glycosylase,and gadd45[J].Cell,2008,135(7):1201-1212.[13]Hajkova P,Jeffries SJ,Lee C,et al.Genome-wide reprogramming in the mouse germ line entails the base excision repair pathway[J].Science,2010,329(5987):78-82.[14]Jin SG,Guo C,Pfeifer GP,et al. GADD45A does not promote DNA demethylation[J]. PLoS Genet,2008,4(3): e1000013.[15]Métivier R,Gallais R,Tiffoche C,et al.Cyclical DNA methylation of a transcriptionally active promoter[J]. Nature,2008,452(7183):45-50.[16]Gehring M,Huh JH,Hsieh TF,et al.DEMETER DNA glycosylase establishes MEDEA polycomb gene self-imprinting by allele-specific demethylation[J].Cell,2006,124(3):495-506.[17]Ortega-Galisteo AP,Morales-Ruiz T,Ariza RR,et al. Arabidopsis DEMETER-LIKE proteins DML2 and DML3 are required for appropriate distribution of DNA methylation marks[J]. Plant Mole Biol,2008,67(6):671-681.[18]Delker RK,Fugmann SD,Papavasiliou FN.A coming-of-age story: activation-induced cytidine deaminase turns 10[J].Nat Immunol,2009,10(11):1147-1153.[19]Wu H,D′Alessio AC,Ito S,et al.Genome-wide analysis of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine distribution reveals its dual function in transcriptional regulation in mouse embryonic stem cells[J].Genes Dev,2011,25(7):679-684.[20]Maul RW,Gearhart PJ.AID and somatic hypermutation[J]. Adv Immunol,2010,105:159-191.[21]Kriaucionis S,Heintz N.The nuclear DNA base 5-hydroxymethylcytosine is present in Purkinje neurons and the brain[J].Science,2009,324(5929): 929-930.[22]Wu H,D′Alessio AC,Ito S,et al.Dual functions of Tet1 in transcriptional regulation in mouse embryonic stem cells[J].Nature,2011,473(7347):389-393.[23]Ficz G,Branco MR,Seisenberger S,et al.Dynamic regulation of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in mouse ES cells and during differentiation[J].Nature,2011,473(7347):398-402.[24]Guo JU,Su Y,Zhong C,et al. Hydroxylation of 5-methylcytosine by TET1 promotes active DNA demethylation in the adult brain[J].Cell,2011,145(3):423-434.[25]He YF,Li BZ,Li Z,et al.Tet-mediated formation of 5-carboxylcytosine and its excision by TDG in mammalian DNA[J].Science,2011,333(6047):1303-1307.[26]Wossidlo M,Arand J,Sebastiano V,et al.Dynamic link of DNA demethylation,DNA strand breaks and repair in mouse zygotes[J].EMBO J,2010,29(11):1877-1888.[27]Otero G,Fellows J,Li Y,et al.Elongator,a multisubunit component of a novel RNA polymerase Ⅱ holo-enzyme for transcriptional elongation[J].Mol Cell,1999,3(1):109-118.[28]Petrakis TG,Wittschieben B,Svejstrup JQ.Mole-cular architecture,structure-function relationship,and importance of the Elp3 subunit for the RNA binding of holo-elongator[J].J Biol Chem,2004,279(31):32087-32092.[29]Sofia HJ,Chen G,Hetzler BG,et al.Radical SAM,a novel protein superfamily linking unresolved steps in familiar biosynthetic pathways with radical mechanisms:functional characterization using new analysis and information visualization methods[J].Nucleic Acids Res,2001,29(5):1097-1106.[30]Rosemary Siafakas A,Richardson DR. Growth arrest and DNA damage-45alpha(GADD45alpha)[J].Int J Biochem Cell Biol,2009,41(5):986-989. [31]Carrier F,Georgel PT,Pourquier P,et al. Gadd45,a p53-responsive stress protein,modifies DNA accessibility on damaged chromatin[J].Mol Cell Biol,1999,19(3):1673-1685. [32]Zhan Q. Gadd45a,a p53- and BRCA1-regulated stress protein,in cellular response to DNA damage[J].Mutat Res,2005,569(1):133-143.[33]Barreto G,Schfer A,Marhold J,et al. Gadd45a promotes epigenetic gene activation by repair-mediated DNA demethylation[J].Nature,2007,445(7128):671-675.[34]Zhang RP,Shao JZ,Xiang LX.GADD45A plays an essential role in active DNA demethylation during terminal osteogenic differentiation of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells[J].J Biol Chem,2011,286(47):41083-41094.[35]Doi A,Park IH,Wen B,et al.Differential methylation of tissue- and cancer-specific CpG island shores distinguishes human induced pluripotent stem cells,embryonic stem cells and fibroblasts[J].Nat Genet,2009,41(12):1350-1353.[36]Irizarry RA,Ladd-Acosta C,Wen B,et al.The human colon cancer methylome shows similar hypo- and hypermethylation at conserved tissue-specific CpG island shores[J].Nat Genet,2009,41(2):178-186.[37]Ateeq B,Unterberger A,Szyf M,et al.Pharmacological inhibition of DNA methylation induces proinvasive and prometastatic genes in vitro and in vivo[J].Neoplasia,2008,10(3):266-278.