Abstract

Since Sarles et al. [Sarles H, Sarles JC, Muratore R, Guien C. Chronic inflammatory sclerosis of the pancreas-an autonomous pancreatic disease? Am J Dig Dis 1961; 6: 688-698.] reported a case of pancreatitis associated with hypergammaglobulinemia, many cases have been described, which led to the current concept of “autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP)”. Lymphoplasmacytic infiltration and fibrosis on histology together with elevated IgG levels or the presence of autoantibodies on laboratory examinations supported the concept of AIP.

In recent years, based on histological and immunohistochemical examination of various organs of patients with AIP, a novel clinicopathological entity, IgG4-related slerosing disease, has been proposed. AIP is a systemic disease that is characterized by dense infiltration of IgG4-positive plasma cells and T lymphocytes in various organs. Clinical manifestations are related with pancreas dysfunction but other organs may be affected such as bile duct, gallbladder, salivary gland, retroperitoneum, kidney, lung and prostate. Increased serum IgG4 levels, the presence of several autoantibodies such as anti-carbonic anhydrase II antibodies (ACA-II), immunostaining IgG4 positive in pancreas tissue and a very good response to steroid therapy are useful for the diagnosis of AIP that can mimic pancreatic cancer.

Cytokines which comprise of a family of proteins — interleukins, lymphokines, monokines, interferons, and chemokines, are important components of the immune system. They act in concert with specific cytokine inhibitors and soluble cytokine receptors to regulate the human immune response. Their physiologic role in inflammation and pathologic role in systemic inflammatory states are now well recognized. An imbalance in cytokine production or cytokine receptor expression and/or dysregulation of a cytokine process contributes to various pathological disorders. Research is progressing rapidly in the area of cytokines and their therapeutic targets, the two major therapeutic modalities being the administration of purified recombinant cytokines and the use of their antagonists in various inflammatory disorders. However, given the large number of cytokines, it is disappointing that only relatively few can be used clinically. In the present article, we have made an attempt to review and present a glimpse of the history as well as up to date information that is pertinent to cytokines and anti-cytokine therapies in the treatment of cancer, autoimmune disorders and various other related diseases.